Carlos, Ann M. y Larry Neal han publicado Amsterdam and London as financial centers in the eighteenth century, en Financial History Review.
En el abstract leemos: "In the seventeenth century, Amsterdam and
London developed distinctive innovations in finance through both banks and
markets that facilitated the growth of trade in each city. In the eighteenth
century, a symbiotic relation developed that led to bank-oriented finance in
Amsterdam cooperating with market-oriented finance in London. The relationship
that emerged allowed each to rise to unprecedented dominance in Europe, while
the respective financial innovations in each city provided the means for the
continued expansion of European trade, both within Europe and with the rest of
the world. The increasing strains of war finance for the competing European
powers over the course of the eighteenth century stimulated fresh financial
innovations in each city that initially reinforced the symbiosis of the two
centers. The external shocks arising from revolutionary movements in America
and France, however, interrupted the relationship long enough to leave London
as the supreme financial center." © 2011 European Association for Banking
and Financial History e.V 2011
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